Risk Factors and Fetomaternal Outcomes of Oligohydramnios in Term Pregnancy

Background: Oligohydramnios at term is associated with increased maternal and neonatal risk. There is a need for characterization of contributing maternal conditions and fetomaternal outcomes for proper management, especially where resources are limited. Objective: To determine the frequency of maternal factors and fetomaternal outcomes associated with oligohydramnios in term pregnancy. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Duration and Place of Study: The study was conducted from April to September 2024 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Methodology: A total of 104 pregnant women aged 18–40 years, diagnosed with oligohydramnios at term (AFI ≤5 cm), were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients with rupture of membranes, fetal anomalies, hypertension, or renal disease were excluded. Maternal factors such as malaria, anemia, primigravida status, and hypertension were recorded. Pregnancy outcomes included emergency cesarean section, low birth weight, low Apgar score, and neonatal death. Results: The mean maternal age was 29.70 ± 6.72 years and mean gestational age was 38.88 ± 1.46 weeks. Anemia was present in 43 (41.3%) patients, primigravida status in 37 (35.6%), hypertension in 17 (16.3%), and malaria in 4 (3.8%) cases. Emergency cesarean section was performed in 57 (54.8%) women, low birth weight was recorded in 22 (21.2%) neonates, low Apgar scores (≤7 at 5 minutes) were observed in 24 (23.1%) newborns, and neonatal death occurred in 5 (4.8%) cases. Conclusion: Anemia, primigravida status, and hypertension were the most commonly observed maternal factors among women with oligohydramnios at term.