Fetomaternal outcomes in Oligohydramnios during Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Background: Oligohydramnios, or decreased amniotic fluid index, has been linked with an entire continuum of poor outcomes in pregnancy. Early identification and management are very important, since it also places the mother and fetus at higher risks. It has been strongly associated with fetal compromise, abnormal presentations, premature delivery, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Objective: To determine the frequency of fetomaternal outcomes in oligohydramnios during second and third trimester of pregnancy. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Duration and Place of Study: The study was conducted from January 2024 to June 2024 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Methodology: A total of 101 women aged 18–40 years with singleton pregnancies beyond 13 weeks and diagnosed with oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm) were enrolled through consecutive sampling. Women with systemic disorders were excluded. Demographic and clinical details were documented, and patients were followed until delivery. Fetomaternal outcomes included caesarean section, fetal distress, malpresentation, fetal structural anomalies, intrauterine fetal death, prematurity, meconium aspiration syndrome, low birth weight, respiratory distress, early neonatal death, and need for neonatal intensive care. Results: The mean maternal age was 29.99±6.85 years and mean gestational age 26.72±7.28 weeks. Caesarean section occurred in 44.6% of cases, prematurity in 15.8%, and intrauterine fetal death in 7.9%. Neonatal complications included low birth weight (38.6%), respiratory distress (30.7%), NICU admission (32.7%), and meconium aspiration (11.9%). Conclusion: Oligohydramnios is strongly associated with adverse fetomaternal outcomes, underscoring the importance of close monitoring and timely intervention to improve prognosis.