The study finds that crash probability impacts access in various populations, suggesting adaptations to appraisal methods.
This paper extends the General Theory of Access by explicitly accounting for safety. Using a capability approach, we show how crash probability and severity systematically reduce lifecycle access via a severity-weighted impairment multiplier. The resulting safety-adjusted access can be monetised in appraisal, avoiding double counting relative to conventional Value of Statistical Life (VSL) methods.
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David Levinson (2025) studied this question.
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