Autonomous ships and flag state: challenges and opportunities in international maritime law

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This analysis uncovers jurisdiction issues and regulatory gaps for autonomous ships under UNCLOS, indicating urgent reforms are needed.

The deployment of autonomous ships introduces significant legal challenges in international maritime law.
Key issues include the jurisdiction and flag state control over MASS, highlighting regulatory gaps.
A doctrinal and normative analysis reveals challenges from the absence of physical crew and remote operations.
Regulatory frameworks must adapt to ensure legal clarity and operational security for autonomous maritime technologies.

Llave et al. (2025) studied this question.

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