The interdependence of mouth breathing and facial structure. The adenoidal face and its aesthetic implications

Oral breathing has a significant impact on the development, aesthetics, and structure of the facial skeleton, particularly in terms of the so-called adenoidal face. Prolonged mouth breathing, which often results from chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, e.g., hypertrophy of the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils, is associated with a number of destructive anatomical and functional changes in the face and stomatognathic system. The study aimed to discuss the interrelationship between mouth breathing and the processes involved in the formation of facial proportions and malocclusion. Facial skeletal disorders are crucial for health and physical attractiveness. Correct diagnosis of the problem in young children can have a significant impact on improving health and appearance in later life and maintaining self-confidence in adulthood.