Mathematical investigation of Fe₃O₄–Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid flow in stenotic arteries with magnetic and thermal interactions: Duality and stability analysis

The present study has potential applications in biomedical engineering, particularly in drug delivery systems and diagnostic imaging of stenotic arteries. The purpose of this study is to explore the key role of Fe 3 O 4 and Cu nanoparticles, which are submerged together in human blood in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics flow through stenotic arteries. The main motive for selecting Fe 3 O 4 and Cu nanoparticles is their importance in drug delivery because they possess potential usefulness in drug transference as well as imaging properties. Therefore, the governing equations that define the flow as well as heat transference of blood are changed from partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations by utilizing the appropriate similarity variables. The shooting technique was applied to achieve the numerical solution in Maple software to observe the influences of the used nanoparticles and the parameters in stenotic arteries. Velocity and temperature profiles, along with engineering interest quantities, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers, were detected for various values of parameters and nanoparticle volume fractions. The main findings show that dual solutions exist for S ≥ 1.7591, λ ≥ −0.82435, and 0 ≤ χ ≤ 0.7385. Moreover, the blood flow performance can be decreased by increasing the suction and magnetic parameters and the rate of shrinking in the stenotic arteries. The temperature of the blood can be raised by increasing the rate of thermal radiation and magnetic parameters. An increase in the thermal slip parameter decreased the temperature of the blood in the arteries. Such modeling and investigation of solutions can play an important role in predicting the reasons for atherosclerosis.