Use of Polymers in Concrete: A Critical Review of Mechanical, Physical and Chemical Properties

Objective: The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review on the incorporation of different polymeric materials in the composition of concrete, evaluating their impact on the composite's mechanical, physical, and durability properties. Theoretical Framework: Conventional concrete, widely used in the construction industry, may present limitations such as low tensile strength and brittle fracture behavior. The incorporation of polymers can contribute to overcoming these deficiencies by improving mechanical performance and durability, in line with the pursuit of more sustainable and technologically efficient materials. Method: The study employed a qualitative approach, structured through a systematic literature review, aiming to identify and analyze the effects of incorporating different polymeric materials into cementitious composites. The investigation was based on a selection of relevant publications from national and international scientific journals, considering evidence regarding the influence of these materials on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of concrete. Results and Discussion: The incorporation of polymeric materials into concrete leads to the formation of cementitious composites with significantly enhanced mechanical, physical and chemical properties, although the observed effects are strongly influenced by the type of polymer, its application method, dosage and curing condition. Mechanically, the addition of polymer fibers such as polypropylene and polyethylene promote a shift from brittle failure to pseudo-ductile behavior, with notable gains in toughness, flexural tensile strength and post-cracking residual strength. Physically, the impact on density, porosity, water absorption and permeability varies with the morphology and distribution of the polymer phase. While polymer particles tends to increase porosity and compromise the material’s density and permeability, advanced systems like Polymer-Impregnated Concrete (PIC) exhibit a denser, more homogeneous microstructure, with lower permeability and better performance under wetting–drying cycles. Regarding chemical properties and durability, polymers provide greater resistance to corrosion, chemical attacks (acids, alkalis, and sulfates), and enhances the interfacial bond within the matrix components. Another noteworthy aspect is the superior behavior under high temperatures: thermoplastic fibers such as polypropylene melt upon heating, creating pressure-relief microchannels that significantly reduce the risk of explosive spalling, which is common in conventional concrete exposed to fire. Additionally, thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity are also considerably reduced by the incorporation of polymers, contributing to improved thermal insulation and fire resistance. Research Implications: This work consolidates pertinent technical information that can guide the development of new research and technologies involving polymeric materials, aiming at the production of concrete with superior performance characteristics and greater sustainability. Originality/Value: This study presents a comprehensive and critical qualitative analysis of the addition of various types of polymeric materials to concrete, synthesizing the state-of-the-art and highlighting the main advantages, disadvantages, and challenges for their effective application in civil construction.