Takotsubo Syndrome. Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Background. Takotsubo syndrome is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy characterized by reversible myocardial damage with transient left ventricular dysfunction and electrocardiogram changes similar to acute coronary syndrome. The observed increase in reported cases of this syndrome The growing number of reported cases determines the need to increase awareness of this condition, the possibilities of diagnostic methods for differential diagnosis with acute coronary syndrome, and treatment. The aim of the work. To present modern data of the pathogenesis of takotsubo syndrome, diagnostic criteria, the role of various diagnostic methods and differential diagnosis with acute coronary syndrome, and treatment features. Results. The review presents recent literature data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of takotsubo syndrome. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease are discussed. Modern diagnostic criteria, the role of various diagnostic methods, and the possibility of coexistence takotsubo syndrome with coronary artery stenotic lesions are described. Complications such as acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and rhythm disturbances are discussed. The criteria of an unfavorable prognosis are given. Data on recurrence and possible factors that increase the likelihood of recurrent events are discussed. Currently, there are no evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of takotsubo syndrome. Indications for beta-blockers, levosimendan, and the role of mechanical support in patients with cardiogenic shock are discussed. Conclusion. Takotsubo syndrome is not a very rare disease. The use of modern diagnostic methods makes it possible to establish a diagnosis. The course and prognosis of the disease vary, and it is necessary to identify high-risk patients. Treatment in the acute phase depends on the presence of complications. Randomized trials are needed to prove the effectiveness of various drugs both in the acute phase and in long-term treatment.