What type of study is this?

This is a Cohort Study study (also classified as: Experimental Study).

September 23, 2025Frontiers in ImmunologyOpen Access

Zuojin capsule improves T cell exhaustion and tumor immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma through the mTOR-eIF4E/p70S6K-CDK1 pathway

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This observational analysis reveals that Zuojin capsule improves T cell exhaustion and alters the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Zuojin capsule significantly inhibits Hep3B/HepG2.2.15 cell proliferation, with IC50 values of 310 μg/mL and 530 μg/mL respectively, showcasing its therapeutic potential.
The mTOR signaling pathway was identified as a core mechanism, where Zuojin capsule downregulates key proteins, including p-mTOR, p-eIF4E, and p-p70S6K.
Zujin capsule treatment modifies the immune profile, reducing M2 macrophages while promoting CD8-positive T cell aggregation in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.
Immunohistochemical analysis reveals enhanced immune infiltration and reduced expression of immunosuppressive markers, indicating a favorable tumor microenvironment.

Hao et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This observational analysis reveals that Zuojin capsule improves T cell exhaustion and alters the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma.