Nutritional strategies supporting brain health: Intermittent fasting, caloric restriction, and the microbiota–gut–brain axis

Research objective: This study aims to analyze nutritional strategies that support brain health, focusing on intermittent fasting, caloric restriction, and the gut–microbiota–brain axis. The goal is to identify the biological mechanisms through which these interventions influence cognitive function and mental well-being. Methodology: A narrative literature review methodology was employed, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed journal articles, research reports, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published in recent years in databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect. Main conclusions: Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction were shown to enhance neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and resistance to oxidative stress. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in modulating neurotransmission, immune functions, and the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Application of the study: The findings may be applied in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, as complementary strategies in the treatment of depression and anxiety, and in the development of personalized nutritional programs promoting brain health across various age groups. Originality/Novelty of the study: The study’s originality lies in integrating three dietary strategies into a single framework of brain health support. Special emphasis is placed on combining metabolic interventions with emerging insights into the gut microbiome’s role in brain function.