How patronage and clientelism works in village head elections in Karawang Regency, Indonesia?

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Clientelism significantly undermines democratic consolidation in village elections, complicating electoral integrity.
The prevalence of money politics includes vote buying and distribution of services, which distort electoral outcomes.
Case studies across different socio-economic villages illustrate varied patterns of patronage that affect governance.
Political practices rooted in patronage and clientelism threaten the credibility of local democratic institutions.

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Case study highlights how patronage and clientelism undermine democracy in village elections, suggesting institutional reforms are inadequate.

Atthahara et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Case study highlights how patronage and clientelism undermine democracy in village elections, suggesting institutional reforms are inadequate.