Serum Vitamin D, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels in Patients with Migraine Presenting to PEMH, Pakistan: A Case-Control Study

Background: Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches of varying intensity and duration. Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium, have been implicated in migraine pathogenesis.Objective: This study aimed to assess serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium in migraine patients compared to healthy controls.Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, involving 180 participants, divided equally into migraine cases and healthy controls. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence, while calcium and magnesium levels were determined using photometry. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, with p-values <0.05 considered significant.Results: Migraine patients had significantly lower serum levels of vitamin D (18.2 ± 5.6 ng/mL vs. 28.4 ± 6.2 ng/mL, p<0.001), calcium (8.7 ± 0.6 mg/dL vs. 9.2 ± 0.5 mg/dL, p=0.013), and magnesium (1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 mg/dL, p=0.025). Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between higher levels of these nutrients and reduced migraine risk.Conclusion: Lower serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium are associated with an increased risk and severity of migraines, suggesting potential targets for preventive and therapeutic strategies.