Innovations in liquid biopsy for head and neck cancer: Progress in cell-free DNA detection

• Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that analyzes cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for cancer detection, particularly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). • Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) enables comprehensive genetic profiling with high accuracy, while digital PCR enhances sensitivity and precision for detecting low-abundance mutations. • Emerging technologies, such as CRISPR-based detection and nanopore sequencing, are advancing the field of cfDNA analysis. • cfDNA analysis facilitates early detection of HNSCC, monitoring of tumor burden, detection of recurrence, and tracking of treatment response and resistance. • Challenges in cfDNA analysis include sensitivity, specificity, standardization, and ethical considerations. • Future advancements may integrate AI and other diagnostic tools, enhancing personalized medicine and precision oncology for HNSCC.