Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has emerged as a safe and effective treatment for patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Nevertheless, in some patients, a relapse of atrial fibrillation occurs although pulmonary veins are durably isolated. For those patients, the underlying mechanisms of atrial fibrillation perpetuation are manifold and optimal treatment options are not yet defined.
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Bengel et al. (2024) studied this question.
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