The development and validation of an instrument to examine clients’ perspectives about their counselors’ ability to broach racial, ethnic, and cultural concerns

The current study evaluated the validity of the broaching attitudes and behavior survey‐clients (BABS‐C), a self‐report measure that examined minoritized clients’ perceptions of their counselors’ ability to discuss issues of race, ethnicity, and culture during treatment. A series of confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the BABS‐C framework and its subconstructs achieved excellent model fit and stable factor structures. The measurement invariance was examined with seven covariates using multiple indicators and multiple cause methods. Implications for counseling research and practice are discussed.