Assessing the spatial and temporal dynamics of specific airborne pollutants in industrial and agricultural ecosystems

This study investigates selected major ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10 & PM2.5), formaldehyde (HCHO), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), along with relevant physical parameters, emphasizing their critical implications for human health. Employing a portable air quality analyzer, data were systematically collected from 75 randomly selected sampling sites. Rigorous data analysis, including principal component analysis, was conducted utilizing advanced statistical software, Minitab and SPSS, complemented by geographic information system (GIS) tools for the development of detailed spatial distribution and variation maps of the study area. The findings revealed alarming PM10 levels, averaging 79.79 mg/m3, significantly surpassing WHO guideline values. The primary sources of pollution in the study area were heavy traffic, manufacturing industries, and local drains, as substantiated by spatial distribution maps. While PM2.5 levels were relatively lower (average 71.55 μg/m3), their spatial pattern closely mirrored PM10, with pronounced fluctuations observed throughout the day during 24-h sampling. Peak concentrations were noted at 5 p.m., and the lowest levels were recorded around 5 a.m., averaging 70.97 μg/m3 and 63.74 μg/m3, respectively. HCHO concentrations reached concerning levels, peaking at 0.468 mg/m3, notably near the drain, attributed to untreated industrial waste discharge. TVOC data indicated a maximum of 0.367 mg/m3, with an average of 0.02 mg/m3, primarily observed near the industrial area. Remarkably, most sampling locations exhibited comparatively lower pollutant levels, especially within residential areas of housing societies, attributable to enhanced vegetation cover, reduced traffic frequency, and a less dusty environment. This study provides a significant baseline assessment of measured pollutants, carrying vital implications for policymaking, effective environmental management, and safeguarding public health.