Increasing Photovoltaic Efficiency in FASnI₃-based Solar Cells by Minimizing Interface Defect Density

The performance of a solar cell composed of SnO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /FASnI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /Spiro-OMeTAD layers is examined in this work. The study examines the changes in the interface defect density (IDD) that occur between the active layer and the hole transport layer (HTL). The researchers used the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) program to model the apparatus. SnO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> serves as the electron transport layer (ETL), FASnI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> serves as the active layer, and Spiro-OMeTAD serves as the hole transport layer (HTL) in the optimal structure of the solar cell. Enhancing solar photon absorption is the primary objective of the research. The research findings reveal that the solar cell exhibits the highest efficiency (PCE) when IDD is at its lowest value. Interestingly, after several adjustments, Fill factor (FF), PCE, open-circuit voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf> ), and short-circuit current density (J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</inf> ) are among the PV metrics that continue to be comparatively steady. For the FASnI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> -based cells, the recorded PV parameters are as follows: FF: 84.47%, PCE: 25.56%, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf> : 1.138V, and J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</inf> : 26.58 mA/cm 2 .