Bergenia ciliata Formulations Promote Wound Healing via Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Biomarkers Modulation

The study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal, radical scavenging, and anti‐inflammatory activities of various formulations of Bergenia ciliata . The formulations were characterized using UV–vis, FTIR, DLS, zeta, and SEM for λ max (200–800 nm), peak shift (720–3600 cm −1 ) , charge, size, and morphology, respectively. BC extract showed comparable antioxidant and iron chelation potential with ascorbic acid at low concentrations, while chia mucilage synergistically enhanced it by 1.30%. CH‐BC AgNPs showed concentration‐dependent bactericidal action (6 mg/mL > 4 mg/mL > 2 mg/mL) with the largest zone of inhibition (ZOI) against E. coli at 6 mg/mL, and the smallest against P. flourescens at 2 mg/mL. Furthermore, at pH 7, the largest ZOI was observed against P. aeruginosa , while the smallest was against S. aureus at pH 11. At 20 °C, the greatest ZOI was assessed against E. coli , and the smallest for S. aureus at 10 °C. Carrageenan‐induced paw edema (50 µL, 1%) normalized after 4 h with diclofenac sodium, 3 h with CH‐BC AgNPs, and 12 h with multiple treatments. CH‐BC AgNPs also restored ( P < 0.001) the MMP7, MMP9, TNF‐α, IL‐8, and CAT levels and improved the reepithelialization, fibroblast migration, and immune cell infiltration. In conclusion, these findings indicate that B. ciliata formulations have a significant in vitro and in vivo wound‐healing capacity, which could pave the way for future mechanistic research in various biomedical dimensions.