November 20, 2025Multivariate Behavioral ResearchOpen Access

Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Causal Inference With Observational Data—The Example of Private Tutoring

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Causal inference techniques estimate effects of private tutoring on mathematics proficiency and grades, showing the significance of analytical approaches.
Findings indicate consistent results for grades across methods while revealing variability for proficiency, highlighting methodological sensitivity.
Analysis contrasts Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation with ordinary least squares and other estimators to assess efficiency and bias risk.
Supporting advanced methods like TMLE can improve understanding of observational data complexities and impact outcomes.

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Implication

Observational analysis estimates effects of private tutoring on mathematics proficiency, suggesting nuanced implications for causal inference methods.

Cite This Study

Jindra et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6924f08cc0ce034ddc35068d https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2025.2561942

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Implication

Observational analysis estimates effects of private tutoring on mathematics proficiency, suggesting nuanced implications for causal inference methods.

Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Causal Inference With Observational Data—The Example of Private Tutoring

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Causal Inference With Observational Data—The Example of Private Tutoring

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

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Also Consider