Effects of LUCC changes on ecosystem service supply and trade-off-synergy relationships in the Bohai Rim region.

This study examined the interactions between ecosystem services (ESs) and Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) in the Bohai Rim region of China from 1990 to 2020, and further explored the relationships among ESs and their transfer dynamics. The main findings are as follows: (i) ES patterns showed marked spatial heterogeneity. Between 2000 and 2020, the overall land transfer rate was only 0.31 %, with changes mainly characterized by the conversion of Arable land to urban construction land and the reclamation of grassland and forest. (ii) Habitat quality and carbon storage were positively associated with the carbon density of different land types. Grain yield was not directly affected by land transfer direction but was largely determined by the intrinsic attributes of Arable land and human activities. Soil conservation and water conservation were closely related to the accumulation and retention capacity of land resources. (iii) The five ESs exhibited heterogeneous responses to directional land transfers. Carbon storage and habitat quality were mainly characterized by high-high and low-low synergies, while the other three ESs displayed more complex responses, including low-low synergies and low-high trade-offs. (iv) Scale-dependent variations in ES bundles were critical for ecosystem management. The interactions among ESs differed across spatio-temporal scales, highlighting the need to adjust regional planning priorities accordingly.