What type of study is this?

This is a Cross-Sectional Study study.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This study investigates the relationship between serum Cystatin C levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

November 17, 2025Frontiers in MedicineOpen Access

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Cross-sectional study shows increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy with higher Cystatin C in T2DM, implying a potential risk factor.

This study investigates the relationship between serum Cystatin C levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cross-sectional study involving 818 individuals with type 2 diabetes
Detailed clinical evaluations including blood glucose, lipid profiles, renal function, and fundus examinations
Logistic regression analyses to assess the correlation between Cystatin C and diabetic retinopathy.
Serum Cystatin C levels significantly higher in diabetic retinopathy patients than controls (p < 0.001)
Negative correlations observed between Cystatin C and fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and albumin (all p < 0.05)
Increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the third tertile of Cystatin C compared to the first tertile (OR = 2.14, p = 0.01).

Gui et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Cross-sectional study shows increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy with higher Cystatin C in T2DM, implying a potential risk factor.