Framework demonstrates a 27.5% reduction in operational costs in sustainable energy systems, highlighting equitable carbon pricing and emissions reduction.
Sustainable energy systems necessitate an equitable distribution of carbon burdens among stakeholders. This paper proposes a Shapley value-based carbon pricing mechanism embedded in a dual-layer Stackelberg framework, where the upper layer optimizes generation schedules and carbon prices, while the lower layer coordinates demand response strategies. The approach introduces several key innovations, including a Shapley allocation method that enhances fairness (achieving a Jain index of 0.94 compared to 0.78 in baselines), multi-dimensional dynamic pricing, and an improved ADMM algorithm that reduces computational demands by 34.2%. Validation on the IEEE 33-node test system yields a 27.5% reduction in operational costs (from USD 1.952 M to 1.415 M), a 17.8% decrease in emissions, and 97.8% integration of renewable energy sources. Overall, this framework promotes the transition to sustainable energy systems while upholding principles of equity.
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Li et al. (2025) studied this question.
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