November 28, 2025New Perspectives on TurkeyOpen Access

Ordered to be gentlemen: Turkish military officers’ ambivalent commitment to Western manners

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The Turkish military's selective adoption of Western etiquette exhibits ambivalence in cultural identity.
Western manners are portrayed as essential for social status and modernization across military circles.
Analysis of etiquette manuals and officers' narratives highlights complexities in cultural integration.
Conflict between cultural authority and Westernization reflects broader tensions within Turkish modernization.

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Analysis reveals military's ambivalent adoption of Western manners, indicating conflicts in cultural identity during modernization.

Beşikçi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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