November 25, 2025New Perspectives on TurkeyOpen Access

Ordered to be gentlemen: Turkish military officers’ ambivalent commitment to Western manners

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Western etiquette was integrated into officers' lives but faced selective adoption and resistance, highlighting cultural complexity.
The approach includes an analysis of etiquette manuals and personal narratives from officers to reveal their experiences.
Military texts on etiquette emphasized Western norms for social status and modernization within the Turkish military context, signaling broader ambitions in culture. The study underscores the ambivalent commitment to Western manners among Turkish military officers, reflecting tensions within modernization efforts.

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This article explores how Turkish military officers adopted Western manners, indicating complex cultural negotiations.

Mehmet Beşikçi (2025) studied this question.

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