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December 8, 2025Journal of Functional Morphology and KinesiologyOpen Access

Dynamics of Preparatory Apneas and Their Influence on Maximal Dry Static Apnea in Breath-Hold Divers

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Authors

ALAndrew T. LoveringJDJoseph W. Duke

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Overview

Experimental investigation demonstrates that preconditioning through preparatory apneas may improve breath-hold duration in trained divers, indicating the role of physiological factors.

Key Points

  • This research aims to explore the influence of preparatory apneas on the duration of maximal breath-holds in breath-hold divers.
  • Measured diaphragm activity during breath-holds using transdiaphragmatic pressure and electromyography.
  • Evaluated 14 male breath-hold divers with various physiological metrics and training experience.
  • Quantified diaphragmatic pressure and electromyographic changes during preparatory and maximal apneas.
  • Preparatory apneas significantly increased diaphragmatic pressure activity compared to maximal apneas.
  • A greater increase in diaphragmatic pressure was associated with longer maximal breath-hold durations.
  • Findings suggest that preparatory apneas can enhance endurance during subsequent breath-holds.

Cite This Study

Lovering et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/693624ce4fa91c937236cdechttps://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040471
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Dynamics of Preparatory Apneas and Their Influence on Maximal Dry Static Apnea in Breath-Hold Divers2026
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  4. 4Physical and Physiological Predictors Determining the Maximal Static Apnea Diving Time of Male Freedivers2024 · 2 citations
  5. 5Effect of repeated dry dynamic apnea during warm-up on time to exhaustion and physiological responses in professional cyclists2026