What does this research mean for the field?

Incorporating repeated dry dynamic apneas during warm-up does not improve time-to-exhaustion or aerobic performance in professional cyclists, despite reducing heart rate and post-exercise lactate concentrations. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to assess whether repeated dry dynamic apneas during warm-up improve endurance performance in professional cyclists.

June 7, 2026German Journal of Exercise and Sport ResearchOpen Access

Effect of repeated dry dynamic apnea during warm-up on time to exhaustion and physiological responses in professional cyclists

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Authors

JSJosé-Antonio Salas-Montoro CSCristóbal Sánchez-MuñozUniversidad de Granada MMManuel Mateo-March

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Implication

Randomized trial evaluates physiological responses and endurance performance in professional cyclists with dynamic apneas during warm-up, suggesting no significant performance enhancement.

Key Points

This study aims to assess whether repeated dry dynamic apneas during warm-up improve endurance performance in professional cyclists.
79 professional cyclists participated in two time-to-exhaustion trials after a 15-min warm-up under two conditions: apnea and normal breathing.
In the apnea condition, participants performed five maximal breath holds while cycling with 2-min intervals between them.
Measured variables included heart rate, hemoglobin, muscle oxygen saturation, lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and apnea duration.
No significant performance difference was found between apnea (167.8 ± 49.7 s) and control (174.5 ± 54.7 s), p = 0.282.
Heart rate was significantly lower at the end of the warm-up in the apnea condition (p < 0.001).
Post-exercise lactate concentration was also significantly lower in the apnea condition (p = 0.022).

Cite This Study

Salas-Montoro et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a250c957def13d035e1cc3f https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-026-01119-3

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Implication

Randomized trial evaluates physiological responses and endurance performance in professional cyclists with dynamic apneas during warm-up, suggesting no significant performance enhancement.

Effect of repeated dry dynamic apnea during warm-up on time to exhaustion and physiological responses in professional cyclists

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Effect of repeated dry dynamic apnea during warm-up on time to exhaustion and physiological responses in professional cyclists

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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