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This research investigates developmental differences between male and female bovine early embryos during in vivo development.

December 11, 2025GenesOpen Access

Study on the Developmental Differences Between Female and Male Early Embryos in Cattle In Vivo

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The study finds significant differences in apoptosis between male and female bovine embryos, indicating sex-related developmental variances.

This research investigates developmental differences between male and female bovine early embryos during in vivo development.
CIDR + FSH + PGF2α + GnRH method used for superovulation in 20 donor cows.
Artificial insemination performed using high-purity X and Y frozen semen.
Embryos flushed from donor cows after seven days for analysis.
Immunofluorescence analysis used to observe apoptosis and proliferation.
RT-PCR conducted to detect expression levels of related genes.
No significant difference in sex ratio from X/Y semen (p ≥ 0.05).
Fluorescence intensity of apoptotic cells higher in the X-BL group than in the Y-BL group (p < 0.05).
Fluorescence intensity of proliferating cells lower in the X-BL group compared to the Y-BL group (p < 0.05).
Expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were higher in the X-BL group (p < 0.05).
Expression levels of proliferation-related genes were lower in the X-BL group (p < 0.01).

Wang et al. (2025) studied this question.

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December 11, 2025GenesOpen Access

View Full Paper

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Authors

The study finds significant differences in apoptosis between male and female bovine embryos, indicating sex-related developmental variances.

This research investigates developmental differences between male and female bovine early embryos during in vivo development.
CIDR + FSH + PGF2α + GnRH method used for superovulation in 20 donor cows.
Artificial insemination performed using high-purity X and Y frozen semen.
Embryos flushed from donor cows after seven days for analysis.
Immunofluorescence analysis used to observe apoptosis and proliferation.
RT-PCR conducted to detect expression levels of related genes.
No significant difference in sex ratio from X/Y semen (p ≥ 0.05).
Fluorescence intensity of apoptotic cells higher in the X-BL group than in the Y-BL group (p < 0.05).
Fluorescence intensity of proliferating cells lower in the X-BL group compared to the Y-BL group (p < 0.05).
Expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were higher in the X-BL group (p < 0.05).
Expression levels of proliferation-related genes were lower in the X-BL group (p < 0.01).

Wang et al. (2025) studied this question.

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