Advances in Implantable Neurotechnology: Toward Precise, Adaptive, and Personalized Therapeutics

Implantable neurotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach for treating neurological disorders, yet challenges in power efficiency, adaptability, and clinical translation persist. We systematically review recent advances in implantable devices, focusing on design innovations, clinical applications, and translational barriers. Independent power systems, which harvest energy from the body, face limitations in output and placement flexibility, while externally powered alternatives enable reliable energy transfer but require external infrastructure. Lithium-based batteries remain a dominant solution, offering high energy density, but their long-term viability necessitates further exploration. In brain-machine interfaces, decoding algorithms bridge neuronal activity to motor parameters, enabling precise control of prosthetic limbs. Furthermore, closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems dynamically adjust stimulation parameters based on real-time neural signals, paving the way for personalized therapeutics. Our analysis highlights the interplay between device engineering and clinical needs, identifying gaps in safety, scalability, and patient-specific adaptation. By synthesizing insights from literature and ongoing trials, we outline a roadmap for next-generation neurotechnology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to achieve precise, adaptive, and personalized therapies. The proposed framework not only advances scientific understanding but also informs practical strategies for overcoming translational hurdles in neuromodulation and neural rehabilitation.