What does this research mean for the field?

CVA16 was the most prevalent serotype in hand, foot, and mouth disease cases in Yunnan Province, identified in 73 of 76 analyzed strains. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to identify and characterize enteroviruses responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province.

January 10, 2026Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases0 citationsOpen Access

Genetic Characterization of Enteroviruses Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Yunnan Province, China, 2023

XLXuanguoer LiuKunming Medical University JCJianping Cun LJLili JiangDalian Medical University

Key Result

CVA16 was the most prevalent serotype in hand, foot, and mouth disease cases in Yunnan Province, identified in 73 of 76 analyzed strains.

Key Points

The research aims to identify and characterize enteroviruses responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province.
Sequencing of the complete VP1 region of enteroviruses
Collection of 429 stool samples from nine prefectures/cities
Phylogenetic analysis of identified enteroviruses
185 enteroviruses were identified, with CVA16 being the most prevalent serotype
Phylogenetic analysis showed specific subgenotypes for CVA16, CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, and EV-A71
Genotype and subgenotype data can assist in public health surveillance and vaccine development

Structured PICO

Population

429 stool samples from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) collected from nine prefectures/cities in Yunnan Province, China, in 2023. Positive cases were predominantly distributed among children under five years of age.

Intervention

Sequencing of the complete VP1 region of enteroviruses

Outcome

Identification of enterovirus serotypes and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region

CVA16 was the predominant pathogen responsible for HFMD in Yunnan Province in 2023, aligning with national trends of emerging non-EV-A71 enteroviruses and highlighting the potential need for multivalent vaccines.

Main Result

Absolute Event Rate: 0% vs 0%

Abstract

This study investigated the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Yunnan Province, China, in 2023 by sequencing the complete VP1 region of enteroviruses. A total of 185 enteroviruses were identified from 429 stool samples collected from nine prefectures/cities in Yunnan Province in 2023. These findings revealed that CVA16 was the most prevalent serotype, followed by CVA4, CVA6, CVA10 and EV-A71. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that among the 76 CVA16 strains, 73 strains were subgenotype B1a, and 3 strains were B1b. Among the 32 CVA4 strains, 31 strains were subgenotype C2, and only 1 strain was C5. All 25 CVA6 strains belong to subgenotype D3a, all 22 CVA10 strains are genotype C, and all 11 EV-A71 strains are of the C4a subgenotype. HFMD genotypes and sub-genotypes are crucial for public surveillance and outbreak response, and can inform vaccine development.

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