LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES (Literature Review)

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES (Literature Review) Turakulov Zhavlon Sodik ugli Assistant of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and with a course in clinical laboratory diagnostics PGF, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Tel: +998 66 233 0841 Email: sammi@sammi.uz Nasrullayeva Gulmira Alisher kizi Cadet of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and with a course in clinical laboratory diagnostics PGF, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Tel: +998 66 233 0841 Email: sammi@sammi.uz https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18282628 Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease associated with impaired insulin secretion and/or action, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances. One of the most important pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic complications is endothelial dysfunction, which underlies the development of both microvascular and macrovascular angiopathies. Chronic hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired endothelial secretory function, resulting in decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, increased endothelin-1 production, and enhanced expression of adhesion molecules. These changes contribute to vascular tone dysregulation, increased leukocyte adhesion, endothelial injury, and progression of atherosclerosis. This article analyzes the main pathophysiological mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus and emphasizes the diagnostic significance of key endothelial biomarkers, including nitric oxide, endothelin-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E- and P-selectins, and malondialdehyde. Assessment of these biomarkers allows early detection of vascular damage, evaluation of disease severity, and prediction of diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Early identification of endothelial dysfunction using laboratory markers is essential for timely prevention, monitoring of disease progression, and optimization of therapeutic strategies in patients with diabetes mellitus. Key words: diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, biomarkers, hyperglycemia, angiopathy, inflammation, oxidative stress.