Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate
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Key result
Current smoking linked to ~0.36 bpm higher resting heart rate per smoking-increasing allele.
- beta-coefficient 0.36
- 95% CI 0.18; 0.54
- P<0.001
- n=141,317
Why the study?
Does smoking heaviness causally increase blood pressure and resting heart rate in adults?
Population
141,317 participants of self-reported European ancestry from 23 population-based studies. 49% male, median…
Comparison
Smoking heaviness and current smoking status vs Never smokers and lower burden of the…
Design
Meta-analysis
Authors
Discussion
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Implication
May implicate resting heart rate in smoking-related risk; extends Mendelian randomization evidence while leaving blood pressure causality open.
Study Design
Type
Meta-Analysis (n=141,317)
Multicenter
Yes
Structured PICO
Does smoking heaviness causally increase blood pressure and resting heart rate in adults?
P
Population
141,317 participants of self-reported European ancestry from 23 population-based studies (62,666 never, 40,669 former, 37,982 current smokers). 49% male, median age within contributing studies ranged from 16 to 75 years.
I
Intervention
Smoking heaviness (using genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 as a proxy in Mendelian randomization) and current smoking status
C
Comparator
Never smokers (in observational analyses) and lower burden of the smoking-increasing allele (in Mendelian randomization)
O
Outcome
Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart ratesurrogate
Main Result
Effect estimate: beta-coefficient 0.36 (95% CI 0.18; 0.54)
p-value: p=<0.001
Mendelian randomization suggests that smoking heaviness causally increases resting heart rate but does not directly alter blood pressure, indicating that smoking's cardiovascular risk may partly operate through elevated heart rate.
Limitations
- The study is observational and relies on self-reported smoking data.
- Adjustment for BMI in analyses could obscure potential mediation effects.
- Self-reported tobacco use is likely subject to misclassification and reporting bias
- Self-reported tobacco consumption does not take into account variation in smoking topography
- Potential collider bias from stratification by smoking status
- Assumptions of Mendelian randomization including potential pleiotropy
Cite This Study
Linneberg et al. (2015) conducted a meta-analysis in Cardiovascular disease risk associated with smoking (n=141,317). Smoking status vs. Never smoking was evaluated on Resting heart rate increase associated with smoking heaviness (beta-coefficient 0.36, 95% CI 0.18; 0.54, p=<0.001). Current smoking is associated with a 0.36 beats per minute higher resting heart rate for each additional copy of the smoking increasing allele rs16969968/rs1051730 in current smokers.
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