This article aims to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of the literature on the adoption of e-government programs in developing countries during the period 2020–2025, focusing on the obstacles and enablers affecting digital transformation. The review examines key obstacles such as weak IT infrastructure, a lack of digital skills, cyber threats, and institutional resistance to innovation, as well as enablers such as leadership support, digital governance frameworks, effective policy initiatives, and the role of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain in enhancing efficiency, transparency, and data security. The article also analyzes how the use of AI contributes to automating administrative processes and improving service delivery, while blockchain provides tamper-proof records to enhance digital accountability. The review concludes that successful adoption of these technologies requires addressing the digital divide, developing balanced regulatory frameworks, and protecting privacy, while offering strategic recommendations for policymakers to build smart and agile government systems that meet citizens' needs and foster public trust.
Nabil Abdallh Abbas Almotawkel (Thu,) studied this question.