The association of gut microbiome with central precocious puberty in female adolescent: A Systematic Review

Background: Central precocious puberty (CPP) involves the early onset of puberty, leading to accelerated growth and bone maturation. The incidence of CPP is rising worldwide, presenting various challenges. The causes of CPP are complex, including genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. Recent research suggests that the gut microbiome (GM) may influence endocrine function and hormonal regulation. This systematic review aims to investigate the association between GM composition and the onset of CPP in female adolescent, exploring the potential of specific microbial profiles as predictors of this condition. Method: We evaluated all studies assessing GM diversity in female adolescents diagnosed with CPP. We included observational study designs and restricted the review to English-language articles. A systematic literature search was conducted using specific keywords and terms in the PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. Results: Sixty-four suitable studies were assessed in this review. Two observational studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total sample of 198. The studies reported differing findings: one study found that the genera Blautia, Streptococcus, and Ruminococcus were more enriched in CPP patients compared to healthy controls, while the other study identified an enrichment of Ruminococcus, Gemmiger, and Clostridia. These genera were associated with increased nitric oxide and the production of short-chain fatty acids, which may promote the pulsatile release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), potentially inducing CPP. Conclusion: Several gut microbes were correlated with CPP and may serve as novel predictors and prevention of the condition.