Improving the energy efficiency of enterprises in the fuel and energy sector in the context of the global energy transition and other measures to achieve the sustainable development goals: a comparative analysis

This article is devoted to an analysis of the concept of "energy efficiency" as a key factor in the context of a global trend toward reducing anthropogenic impacts on the environment. The study examines the adaptive potential of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex in implementing a strategy to improve energy efficiency. The work includes a comparative analysis of the approaches of the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, and a group of Western countries in promoting energy efficiency at fuel and energy sector enterprises, aimed at identifying the most relevant and promising solutions for shaping energy policy in the context of the global energy transition. The article also considers methodological tools for enhancing energy efficiency and provides an overview of successful practices for deploying energy-efficient technologies and mechanisms for achieving the sustainable development goals of various countries. Methodologically, the study relies on doctrinal and legal analysis, the systematization of strategic documents, a review of practice, and a comparison of policies across states. As a key aspect, the study identifies modern approaches to improving the energy efficiency of the fuel and energy complex and the large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources, which correlate with the United Nations’ sustainable development agenda. The novelty of the research lies in substantiating the capacity of fuel and energy complex enterprises to adapt to the need to reduce harmful environmental impacts, in examining certain systemic problems of integrating renewable energy sources, and in proposing the integration of these approaches. The conclusions point to the necessity of a comprehensive approach to achieving sustainable development goals related to climate change and adverse environmental impacts. The work also presents empirical data and analytical assessments confirming the practical applicability of the proposed solutions. Practical recommendations focus on increasing the investment appeal of low-carbon projects, reducing operational risks, and creating a flexible regulatory environment conducive to scaling up successful cases. The study has applied relevance for researchers in the fields of international law and sustainable development.