What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to overcome challenges in using construction residue sand for 3D printing through an optimized mortar mix.

February 11, 2026BuildingsOpen Access

Sustainably 3D-Printing Mortar with Construction Residue Sand: Printability, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructural Mechanisms

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Develops sustainable mortar for 3D printing using construction residue sand, improving printability and mechanical properties.

The aim is to overcome challenges in using construction residue sand for 3D printing through an optimized mortar mix.
Developed a novel mortar system using construction residue sand and calcium sulfoaluminate cement.
Defined a quantitative printability window for the mortar.
Tested mix designs with CSA dosages of 10–15% and sand–binder ratios of 1.4–1.5.
Achieved excellent printability with fluidity of 165–195 mm and slump of 10–40 mm.
Demonstrated that calcium sulfoaluminate cement promotes AFt formation, improving pore structure and mechanical strength.
Provided a method for recycling construction waste, contributing to green intelligent construction.

Zhou et al. (2026) studied this question.

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