ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have emerged as one of the most critical drivers of climate change; this is primarily due to high concentrations and long atmospheric life of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). For a significant amount of time, various biological processes such as microalgal cultivation, cyanobacterial systems, photosynthetic microorganisms, and microbial electrosynthesis have been examined for the conversion of CO₂ into biofuels, bioplastics, and biorefineries. This paper provides an extensive overview on biological CO 2 utilization pathways as well as their performance, resource requirements, and product yields. Recent progress has been made in the utilization of algal biomass, the engineering of microbes for chemical production, and the development of integrated CO 2 capture and downstream utilization processes. These results could further help in optimizing biological carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies that could facilitate their transition from lab‐based demonstrations to commercialization. This study reminds us that covalorization of bio‐based CO₂ helps us to achieve a low‐carbon future.
Semwal et al. (2026) studied this question.