What type of study is this?

This is a Cross-Sectional Study study.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore the relationship between smoke exposure and depression in individuals aged 45 and older.

February 14, 2026BMC Public HealthOpen Access

Associations of self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine level and a composite indicator of smoke exposure with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly U.S. individuals: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2018

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Authors

ZWZi-Yi WangSouthern Medical University YLYuan-Sheng LiSouthern Medical University FMFan-Shuo MengSouthern Medical University

Discussion

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Implication

Cross-sectional study shows smoke exposure is linked to depressive symptoms in U.S. adults aged 45+, suggesting mental health interventions are needed.

Key Points

To explore the relationship between smoke exposure and depression in individuals aged 45 and older.
Extracted data from NHANES 2005-2018
Focused on U.S. participants aged 45+ years
Used Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression assessment
Implemented multivariable binary logistic regression models
Conducted RCS analysis for linear relationship examination.
7.80% of participants exhibited depressive symptoms
Current smokers had an OR of 2.03 for depression compared to non-smokers
Those with serum cotinine levels > 3.08 ng/ml had an OR of 1.99 for depression
Active smokers showed a higher risk with an OR of 2.26 for depression
RCS regression indicated a linear relationship between serum cotinine level and depression.

Cite This Study

Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698fd276306598e8538dea01 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26604-0

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Implication

Cross-sectional study shows smoke exposure is linked to depressive symptoms in U.S. adults aged 45+, suggesting mental health interventions are needed.

Associations of self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine level and a composite indicator of smoke exposure with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly U.S. individuals: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2018

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Associations of self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine level and a composite indicator of smoke exposure with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly U.S. individuals: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2018

Discussion

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Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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