Comparative cardioprotective effects of Kuanxiong Aerosol and its individual components in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Schematic of the experimental protocol.

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  Figure 2.. GC-MS analysis chromatogram of the four volatile oils. Representative GC-MS chromatograms of (A) sandalwood, (B) galangal, (C) asarum, and (D) pepper oils.

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  Figure 3.. KXA-L attenuates LAD-induced ST-segment elevation predominantly through sandalwood and asarum oils. Effects of KXA and its individual herbal components on electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation (n = 6 per group). (A) Representative ECG traces showing ST-segment changes in each group. (B) Quantitative analysis of ST-segment elevation following treatment with KXA and the positive control isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN). (C) Comparison of ST-segment elevation among groups treated with individual volatile oil components. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. model group.

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  Figure 4.. KXA reduces myocardial infarct size predominantly through its sandalwood oil component. Myocardial infarct size in rats subjected to cardiac ischemia injury with KXA and its individual herbal components administered prior to ischemia (n = 6 per group). (A) Representative photographs of TTC staining. (B) Global infarct size were quantitatively analyzed. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs model, **p < 0.01 vs model. TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride.

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  Figure 5.. KXA-L alleviated myocardial damage and fibrosis compared with the model group. Histopathological evaluation of KXA and its components in LAD-induced myocardial injury, the morphological and pathological changes of the myocardial tissues in the different groups (n = 6 per group) were observed with (A) H&E and (B) Masson at 2.5 mm (10×) and 100 μM (200×) magnifications, respectively.

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  Figure 6.. KXA-L improves cardiac hemodynamics in AMI rats without affecting heart rate. Heart rate (HR, A) and hemodynamic parameters, including left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP, C), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP, D), maximum rate of pressure rise (Max + dP/dt, E), and minimum rate of pressure decline (Min –dP/dt, F), in AMI rats treated with different doses of KXA and its individual herbal components (n = 8 per group). The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. sham, **p < 0.01 vs. sham, ***p < 0.001 vs. sham, ****p < 0.0001 vs. sham.

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  Figure 7.. KXA-L improves serum markers of myocardial injury in AMI rats. Serum biochemical parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST, A), creatine kinase (CK, B), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB, C), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, D), in AMI rats treated with different doses of KXA and its individual herbal components. The data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6 per group). *p < 0.05 vs. sham, **p < 0.01 vs. sham, ***p < 0.001 vs. sham, ****p < 0.0001 vs. sham.