What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aimed to compare the effects of coffee versus caffeine on postprandial cytokine secretion and immune modulation.

Immune modulation in response to coffee intake: a pilot study

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Pilot study demonstrates that coffee and caffeine differently affect immune responses in healthy individuals, suggesting unique mechanisms.

The study aimed to compare the effects of coffee versus caffeine on postprandial cytokine secretion and immune modulation.
Conducted a randomized pilot trial with ten healthy volunteers.
Participants received either coffee brew, aqueous caffeine solution, or water on separate days.
Cytokine levels were measured using a multiplex immunoassay and caffeine was analyzed with UHPLC-MS/MS.
Caffeine produced a stronger anti-inflammatory response than coffee, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 A, IL-12p70, and IL-2.
Post-consumption, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels decreased significantly, demonstrating an integrated immune response.
Shows that both caffeine and coffee affect immune homeostasis differently.

Bleffgen et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Pilot study demonstrates that coffee and caffeine differently affect immune responses in healthy individuals, suggesting unique mechanisms.