Overview explores personalized brain stimulation outcomes through biomarker-guided approaches, suggesting improved efficacy for psychiatric disorders.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an established treatment for depression, yet response rates remain at 50% 1 month after treatment. Despite two decades of clinical use, substantial room for improvement remains. This overview examines biomarker-guided personalization of brain stimulation. The authors trace the translational path from invasive circuit-level insights through noninvasive biomarkers to clinical deployment. With validated biomarkers, systematic optimization becomes possible: stimulation parameter tuning, state-dependent approaches, augmentation strategies, and closed-loop systems. The path forward requires randomized trials demonstrating that biomarker-guided personalization improves outcomes beyond standard care, justifying increased complexity and costs. Success would mark an important pathway in interventional psychiatry's evolution to precision medicine.
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Cline et al. (2026) studied this question.
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