Prevalence, outcomes and costs of a contemporary, multinational population with heart failure

Figure 1. Number of included patients with heart failure (HF) in each of the 11 participating countries.

Figure 2. Description of data sources used across the participating countries. Data extractions are from the following levels of healthcare: (1) primary healthcare, (2) secondary healthcare (specialist or outpatient hospital care) and (3) tertiary healthcare (inhospital care). Green colour, Data available and utilized; Orange colour, Data not available.

Figure 3. Baseline measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction (n=51 422) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, n=1 69 518) across participating countries from data sources including these variables. (A) The proportion of 51 442 patients with heart failure and reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF) and preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction. Mean (SD) ejection fraction (EF%) is shown for each country on top of each bar. (B) The 1 69 518 patients with heart failure and a recorded eGFR value. Mean (SD) eGFR is shown for each country on top of each bar. Chronic kidney disease defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Figure 4. Cumulative hospital healthcare costs per patient in 3 62 825 patients with heart failure (HF) from six countries. Hospital healthcare cost data were available from Canada, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Costs are in US$ per patient at index and cumulatively over a period of up to 5 years (from 2014 in Sweden, the UK and Canada; from 2015 in Spain; from 2017 in Portugal; and from 2018 in Italy). The x axis is the number of years (year 0 to 1 almost not illustrated). *For the purpose of currency conversion to US Dollars, US$1=0.77 Canadian Dollars, 1.13 Euros and 8.56 Swedish Krona. Fixed currency rates were used and variations over time were not accounted for. CKD, chronic kidney disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease.