Customized Macro/micro/nano Hierarchical Structure and Surface Morphology Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

The hierarchical structure and surface morphology of scaffold plays crucial roles for bone tissue regeneration. This research proposed customized macro/micro/nano hierarchical structure and surface morphologies hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. The macro porous structure of the hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAp scaffold) was fabricated by the 3D printing, and the micro/nano pores and surface morphologies (hHAp scaffold) were prepared by the hydrothermal processing. The 3D-printed bioceramic HAp scaffold with various types of the surface morphologies, such as Sheet-hHAp scaffold, Coral-hHAp scaffold and Bundle-hHAp scaffold, were customized prepared, and the biological response of varied surface consisting of micro/nanosized morphologies were investigated. The results indicated that the Coral-hHAp scaffold significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity and the adsorption of specific proteins. Therefore, Coral-hHAp scaffold possessed optimal surface area and roughness, which promoted cellular behaviors such as the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the Coral-hHAp scaffold promoted the newly bone tissue regeneration. This study proved that customized macro/micro/nano hierarchical structure and surface morphology scaffold are of great significance for bone tissue regeneration. • Hierarchical porous scaffold was fabricated by 3D-printing and hydrothermal processing. • Biphasic scaffold with biomimic topographical interfaces. • Functionalized interface and hierarchical structures enhanced bone regeneration.