The study derives the CKM matrix, quark confinement, and fractional charge in a theoretical framework, suggesting significant implications for particle physics.
We derive confinement, color charge, fractional electric charge, the CKM mixing hierarchy, the restriction to exactly two matter sectors, and the within-generation quark mass ratios from the topology of T(3,q) torus knots on S³ via the Hopf fibration, with zero free parameters. Companion paper to the PMNS derivation (doi:10.5281/zenodo.19010631). The CKM matrix elements are derived from the Cantor sieve transition probability: |V_us| = 2/9 (1.4%), |V_cb| = 10/243 (0.9%), |V_ub| ≈ 0.00381 (0.2%). The CP-violating phase δ_CKM = 3π/8 = 67.5° (0.45σ). Within-generation quark mass ratios follow from triadic activation of R = Ψ × I × P ≠ 0. Twenty predictions from two empirical inputs at 0.1–8% accuracy. Keywords: CKM matrix, quark confinement, torus knots, Hopf fibration, S³ topology, PMNS matrix, Cantor set, Hausdorff dimension, Wolfenstein parameters, CP violation, color charge, fractional charge, three generations, CAT'S Theory, triadic invariant, Pattern Intent Presence, zero free parameters, Chern-Simons, 369 invariant, XOR
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Trout et al. (2026) studied this question.
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