This work demonstrates a geometric method to derive the CKM matrix using holonomy on an orbifold, suggesting new insights into quark mixing parameters.
We demonstrate that the complete Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix, including all four independent physical parameters (three mixing angles and one CP-violating phase), can be derived from the topology of a single compact eight-dimensional manifold K₈ = [(CP² × S²) ×w (T²/Z₂)]Spinᶜ, which forms the internal space of the twelve-dimensional Master Equation framework M₁₂ = (S¹ × S³) × K₈. The derivation proceeds with zero continuous free parameters. Every input is either a topological invariant (χ(K₈) = 12, χ(S²) = 2), a discrete quantum number (Spinᶜ charges \-1, -1, +2\), or a ratio fixed by the manifold geometry (aspect ratio τ₂ = L_ω/L_ψ). The CKM matrix elements emerge from wavefunction overlap integrals on the T²/Z₂ orbifold (the "pillowcase"), with three distinct geometric mechanisms at work: (i) the rectangular aspect ratio of the pillowcase encodes the Cabibbo angle via λC = sin²θW = 1/(1 + τ₂²); (ii) the Spinᶜ holonomy eiπ/2 generates the CP-violating phase; and (iii) a newly established geodesic path interference mechanism—whereby the Z₂ orbifold involution on the Spinᶜ bundle introduces destructive interference between the two distinct geodesics connecting diagonal fixed points—resolves the previously outstanding |Vub| and |Vtd| predictions. The resulting ten zero-parameter predictions, eight of which agree with Particle Data Group measurements to better than 6%, constitute the most overconstrained derivation of CKM observables from geometry in the literature.
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Dhiren Jashwant MASTER (2026) studied this question.
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