Optimising thermal performance of steel façades through self-shading: Calibration, sensitivity analysis, and climatic implications

Steel cladding profiles are widely used in modern construction, yet the combined effects of the cladding geometry, self-shading, and surface absorptivity remain underexplored, as most studies focus on coatings or thermal bridging of steel cladding. This study addresses that gap by using simulations calibrated to measured data from small-scale experiments to evaluate three steel cladding profiles across diverse climates and orientations: Standing Seam, Corrugated, and Interlocking. Results show that the profile geometry influences cavity and internal temperatures, with deeper protrusions or wider rib spacing reducing shading effectiveness. Self-shading improves comfort hours in hot, cooling-dominated climates (e.g., Singapore, Abu Dhabi, Brisbane) but offers limited benefit in cooler regions. Building-scale simulations predict reduced peak cooling loads (∼28%) and modest annual HVAC energy savings, highlighting the potential for smaller, more efficient systems. These findings indicate the significant role of cladding geometry, beyond coatings, in passive thermal regulation and climate-responsive façade design.