The development of active membranes: use of immobilized enzymes as fouling-reducing and self-cleaning agents

Integrating of immobilized enzymes into membrane technology represents a significant advancement in the field of membrane science, particularly in addressing issues of fouling and self-cleaning. This review explores the development, techniques, and applications of enzymatic membranes, focusing on their fouling-degrading and self-cleaning properties. Enzymatic membranes combine catalytic and separation functions, offering environmentally friendly solutions with high selectivity and mild operating conditions. The review traces the historical development from early attempts in the 1970s using proteases in polymeric membranes to recent advancements involving a variety of enzymes and support materials. Various immobilization techniques, such as covalent bonding and physical adsorption, are discussed in relation to their impact on membrane performance. Applications span multiple industries, including food, biofuels, and wastewater treatment. Despite significant progress, the field continues to evolve with emerging technologies and novel enzyme immobilization strategies, presenting ongoing opportunities for research and industrial application.