Cosmic Time Effect and Gravitational Redshift: A New Perspective

Based on the conservation of cosmic mass and the gravitational time effect in general relativity, this paper establishes a self-consistent cosmological model. The theory proposes that the cosmic time flow rate is directly proportional to the cosmic radius. In the early universe, a smaller radius corresponded to stronger gravity and slower time flow, causing lower frequencies of light emitted by celestial bodies, which manifests as a redshift in observations. The essence of both Hubble redshift and cosmic microwave background (CMB) redshift is gravitational time redshift, rather than the stretching of light waves by spatial expansion. The universe undergoes decelerated expansion as a whole, while it can be approximated as uniform expansion over any short period. This model perfectly explains the perfect blackbody spectrum of the CMB and is highly consistent with key observational facts of Type Ia supernovae, without introducing ad-hoc assumptions such as dark energy. The physical picture is clear, the logic is rigorous, and it matches observational data with high precision.