Estrogen as a Biological Modulator in the Temporomandibular Joint: A Narrative Review

Estrogen plays a pivotal role in systemic bone and cartilage metabolism.Estrogen receptors have also been identified in temporomandibular joint tissues.Clinical observations, including the predominance of idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) in adolescent females and increased prevalence of osteoarthritic changes in females have led to longstanding interest in a possible association between estrogen and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).Estrogen may influence susceptibility to structural alteration of the mandibular condyle and its progression under specific hormonal and mechanical conditions.This narrative review provides an evidence-based overview of the role of estrogen in TMDs, with a focus on osteoarthritis and ICR.A better understanding of these interactions may improve the assessment and management of TMDs.