Population
Lung specimens from patients with moderate COPD and smokers without airflow obstruction.
Design
Cross-sectional
Authors
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May indicate early vascular remodeling in smokers; hypothesis-generating for progression and intervention targets.
Pulmonary vascular remodeling, characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, occurs early in cigarette smoke-induced respiratory disease even before significant airflow obstruction.
Santos et al. (2002) studied this question.
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