Triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of heart failure: Evidence from two large cohorts and a mendelian randomization analysis

Fig. 1. Kaplan-Meier curve of the cumulative incidence of incident heart failure stratifying by quartiles of the triglyceride-glucose index. (A) Kailuan cohort and (B) Hong Kong cohort

Fig. 2. Subgroup analysis of the association between TyG index and incident HF for the (A) Kailuan cohort and (B) Hong Kong cohort Abbreviations: TyG: triglyceride-glucose; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval

Fig. 3. Forest plots for the meta-analysis of the association between TyG index with HF risk. (A) TyG index analyzed as a categorical variable. (B) TyG index analyzed as a continuous variable

Fig. 4. Mendelian randomization (MR) association between genetically determined TyG index and HF. Sensitivity analysis 1: MR analysis through IVW method in SNPs pruned by linkage disequilibrium with R2 < 0.001 Sensitivity analysis 2: Multivariable MR through IVW method after adjusting for cofounders including BMI, SBP, DBP, LDL-c, HDL-c, and DM. Sensitivity analysis 3: MR analysis through IVW method after excluding any SNPs significantly associated with those confounders, including BMI, SBP, DBP, LDL-c, HDL-c, and DM. Abbreviations: SNPs: single-nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; IVW: inverse-variance weighted